Programmable De Novo Design of Mesoporous Protein Crystal Frameworks

Abstract

Abstract Three-dimensional protein crystals are ordered, porous macroscopic materials with potential applications in catalysis, biosensing, and biomedicine. However, most protein crystals are obtained by empirical screening, providing limited control over the lattice architecture, pore geometry or component composition that determine material function. Here, we present a modular strategy for the programmable design of highly porous, framework-like protein crystals using predefined protein-protein interactions. This strategy yielded over 30 distinct protein crystals, including single-component and multicomponent P 2 1 3 and I 2 1 3 lattices that grow to over 100 µm in size. Small-angle X-ray scattering and electron microscopy showed close agreement between experimental lattices and computational models. RFdiffusion-guided design generated isomorphous variants with matched lattice parameters, enabling coherent protein crystal alloys, epitaxial core–shell growth and reversible shell assembly. The designed crystals exhibit tunable mesoporous architectures, with limiting apertures of 2–18 nm, and support genetically encoded incorporation of fluorescent protein guests. These results establish a general route to programmable lattice engineering of protein crystals and position them as genetically encoded, compositionally tunable mesoporous materials.